Blackhawk Earthship

2012-01-06T11:09:00.000-08:00

This is a site plan of the earthship. The block on the upper right, however, is the part we had planned for the summer of 2011 and has not been built yet. I wanted to point out the very different sun paths at this high latitude. Sunrise and sunset occur in very different places at different times of the year. On the recent solstice the noon sun was only about 35 degrees above the trees to our south. In the summer the sun hits the north face of the farmhouse both morning and evening, but not during the bulk of the day.

Winter 2011-2012 - Part One

2012-01-06T06:20:00.000-08:00

After spending the last winter (2010-2011) in the 1904 farm house for convenience* and spending over $4k on fuel oil and electric heat for the season, my new wife and daughter and I moved back into the earthship. Our target date was Thanksgiving and we hit it pretty much dead on.
The winter of 09 I was living alone and the lack of privacy was irrelevant, besides, most of the developing world lives in single rooms or very small "apartments" of one kind or another. But the cultural reality of my time and place is such that privacy is non-negotiable, and I appreciate that we can afford to take this position. That all being the case, we spent the spring trying to get some excavation done as the next planned addition require a utility basement where the potable water cistern, the wash-water (rain) cistern, composter, and waste-water (greywater) sump are, as well as a little "cool" storage space. After one of the snowiest winters in a decade we got rain. We got rain every week. We got light rain, we got heavy rain, we flooded twice in the spring (and this is after once last fall). I pulled a fence post in April and watched the water in the hole rise and fall, but never disappear, for another two months. Excavation was not an option.
So we built a "temporary" super-insulated bedroom in the front end of the greenhouse. Torri painted an impressionistic forest canopy on the ceiling. It is tight, warm, and has a view to the southeast that gets wonderful morning sun.
Next we tore out the back of the greenhouse and built a staircase that wraps around to the roof level. Over the old skylight, and taking advantage of the masonry chimney's waste heat, we built another small bedroom. We also built a landing, an addition to the greenhouse on the upper level, and off the landing and greenhouse we built another bathroom, this one with the old composting toilet, a beautiful recycled oval sink, and a shower stall paved with Gordie Dingman's old ceramic glaze sample "cookies." The chimney runs between the bedroom and the bathroom (the only point of contact in fact) and heats both rooms. Both rooms and the landing serve as rainshed for the thermal umbrella behind the core unit.
This winter has been unseasonably warm (much like the spring had been unseasonably wet) and we have not used as much firewood (carbon neutral) as I had expected. Few days have been below freezing, unheard of in central Minnesota. There have been a few cold snaps but nothing lower than 3 or 4 blow zero (f).
The upper greenhouse has glass windows "above the waist" and the view is spectacular. The space was not yet sealed at the end of summer but I expect it to be quite hot. While there is venting at the top and some windows that open I do expect to have to make some modifications for the high heat of summer. Meanwhile, it is wonderful in winter with bright sun, good views, and the polycarbonate panels used for the GH roof are clear enough to pick out constellations at night.

Brief notes from Fall 2009

2009-10-09T10:02:00.000-07:00

I have moved into the earthship. "Bite the bullet," do what needs to be done, all that. Planning will only take you so far.
There are still a million things to do but water runs from the tap (hot, even!) and the light switches cause illumination. Ruth and I arranged quite some time ago to get a hoop house (or high tunnel) and I have put most of the frame up over the earthship to provide a little extra heat, a place to work on larger projects (table saw, etc) snow-free, a place to split firewood (again, snow-free), and eventually a place to start veggies early. In a few years when I have to replace the fabric I will decide whether to move the hoops to the garden where they ere originally intended to be set up. By then I may well have built another one there, however. I suspect that they are the wave of the future, mediating some of the obnoxious effects of global warming.

We've had a killing frost already but I am harvesting peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers and cilantro daily from the greenhouse. I've sold my jersey to a neighbor. Living alone, doing all the chores, in order to throw away 7 gallons of milk a day, just aren't worth it. Some day, when more people live on site, we'll do dairy again. Or, I may get another goat. It's been years since I've had goats here.

Ryan Batalden is interested in hosting the Gobar prototype. He raises organic pigs and cattle so it should be a better "test" run than I could do here. (Banjo) Bruce Johnson will be helping me engineer and build the prototype unit this winter.

As Winter sets in I will have more to say about what does and does not function as planned. I've yet to start a fire in the Tuli Kivi, but I'm looking forward to it. One major positive: I have a new grandaughter! Emma and her mother, Erin, are both doing fine.

Notes from Spring 2009

2009-10-09T09:53:00.000-07:00

Well, we didn't get moved in last fall, and it cost a couple of thousand dollars to heat the old farmhouse. I did get 4" of foam on the roof with a temporary rubber roofing membrane over that, and I put sheet metal over the thermal umbrella to keep most of the moisture out. I didn't have a tamper so we jumped up and down on the backfill as we shoveled it in. This was insufficient and the soil has settled about 15%. I am filling in the gap but I won't place insulation and pour concrete until I am positive that it will not settle more. I doubt that this will be this year.
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Challenges: We chose to leave lucrative city jobs in order to live and work at the farm. On the one hand, I wish I had spent the "easy" money more wisely; on the other, I wish I had moved back a year earlier. I knew the "downturn" was coming but still wasn't as prepared as I would have liked.
My wife found breast cancer in late May, had surgery in early June and was then pronounced "Cancer free." She had trouble with her right shoulder though, and we attributed this to the chest and underarm surgery. Then I lost my son in August. He was 25 and had been married to a wonderful young woman for 5 months. She was pregnant. These things really took the wind out of our sails. We were both offered low-paying-but-local jobs in education and we jumped at the offer to work together close to home. Together we made a little more than half what I made alone in industry, but we only had to support one household, and we were able to drive together and eat lunch together. Still, winter was tough, emotionally and practically. We kept getting a few warm days and then long cold snaps. The roller coaster was tough. Our cow would hold her legs together when I milked in weather below 10°f, not that I can blame her. The dogs and cats tried to stay indoors (one cat needed to check both doors just in case the weather was better outside the other one).
I lost my wife to (breast) cancer of the liver on March 18. That story an be found at http://www.blackhawk-studios.org/earthship/spring-2009.html but is not for the faint of heart.
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I've not really put in a crop this spring. I planted a little corn and barley, Ruth had planted a little winter rye and winter wheat in September. I haven't had the wherewithal to do much in the garden. The Chinese tractor turned out to have a cylinder head that was surfaced with a belt sander. With 165 hours on the tractor the gasket seal was worthless. The high school shop class took the engine apart and had the head resurfaced here, but the school year is effectively over and I do not have the tractor back yet (May 26). I will till and plant green manure on land I do not grow crops on as soon as I get it back. Ryan Batalden has been talking about oilseed radish as a plow-down. I will probably use that or chickory as both pull minerals from down deep. The Albert Lea Seed House used to be a great place to buy seed by the pound but last year they started charging exorbitant fees for "opening" a bag, and while the catalog still gives a by-the-pound price you can't actually buy the seed for anywhere near that price. Here's a hint to whoever wants to be the next big thing locally. People will be moving back to the country and planting lots of things in small quantities. Alfalfa, clover, and some other things are just too expensive to buy by the bag when you only need a few pounds. Charge enough to make it pay, just be honest about the costs.
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The Photovoltaic experiments have been very successful during the Summer months (I haven't had anything substantial running over the winter, small fans and lights only). Night lights and water (bilge) pumps have been running in the house and the grape vineyard on PV alone. I have not had the money for deep-cycle batteries (or high amp-hour batteries) so I'm still limping by on old car batteries. I did buy 35 watts of bare solar cells that I will install at the top (north, high) side of the greenhouse where they will get great light but not really shade anything growing inside the greenhouse. I have some salvaged ¼" glass I can install them between. I've not assembled my own from scratch but I feel that I need to be able to do this.
So far I've only found 2 grape vines that didn't survive the winter. Both were very small and I won't replant for a while. We did get a pretty damaging frost two weeks after the vines began sprouting. The older leaves survived but the newest ones died and in many cases the cane they were on died too. So far none of those plants died but a few have had to re-sprout from very close to the ground. The general paradigm I'm following is that the first year (last year) you are growing to establish root structure, the second season (this year) is dedicated to a tall, strong vine structure and to that end I have been pinching off the flower buds (which hurts me!). The third year will be the first in which I harvest grapes. It is possible that the fourth year will be the first substantial harvest, but there are sure an awful lot of flower buds to remove even this year. Some of the better plants have dozens. Any replants will be in their "first year" this year.
We planted small grain between some of the grape rows last fall and this spring. Winter rye and wheat should be harvested long before we need to run hired help in the grapes and we can still work the edges anyway. The alternative is early root crops or the traditional mowed lawn strips to control erosion and avoid packing the open soil. I can't see lawn out there as being very practical in my situation, but time will tell. Not all of the medians have even been rototilled yet, most that were tilled last fall have been planted with some crop. A load of rocks or old railroad ties would help by allowing me to terrace some of the steepest parts of the vineyard.
I need to cut firewood for this winter. I had set aside enough (estimated) for one winter in the earthship but used half of it (and all the leftover wood from the previous year) in the cookstove in the studio this last winter. I have a lot of "stickwood" available, but it doesn't keep well. A few years sitting out and it is punky and does not generate much heat. Traditionally this is what is used in poor regions as it can be collected discretely and without tools. Our idea of what a park should be like probably comes from the European forests which have been gleaned of stickwood by the locals. The other big need this summer is to get the permanent greenhouse (south of the earthship) up and sealed, and then the first hoophouse up over the barn pad and area between the barn and earthship. This hoophouse will be where I store hay, alfalfa, and firewood through the winter. My contract for next year is supposed to be an improvement over this year that will allow me to save up enough to pour the concrete thermal umbrella cap early next spring (2010) and finish the mudroom (and "cool storage"). The following year (2011) I hope to build the commercial kitchen (second floor, "three season" room).
A major project this fall is building a gobar unit to collect methane from the winter's cow manure. This methane, unlike "clean" propane, is carbon neutral having been extracted from the manure of cows fed grass from the farm. This grass is grown from this year's sunlight, water, and atmospheric CO2. The methane will be used to heat the dairy and perhaps run the house stove. We'll see. I will be selling plans online after I get the prototype working and the technology that I'm using has been "proven".

Notes from Summer 2009

2009-10-09T09:51:00.000-07:00

We got a great crop of winter wheat. The trick is getting it harvested and threshed. Because it was planted between the rows of grapes I cannot get mowing equipment in to machine-cut it. On the other hand (have you noticed how there always seems to be another hand?) since it was planted as weed control, all the straw and grain is a "bonus." I was hand scything winter rye and sliced my little finger pretty good. It's healing but I obviously needed a reminder to be careful. I'm back to hand harvesting, with a gloved left hand and more patience. I did use a gas hedge trimmer while one-handed, and it worked to a point. Cutting by hand you have the handful of oriented stalks and can set them neatly on a pile to be bound (sheaved?) later. Using the trimmer everything falls more or less behind the cutting swath but in a sheet that is hard to orient or pile in anything but a chaotic bundle. This was OK for the rye which will be stored whole and fed whole, but does not work for the wheat which must be threshed or the grain is lost. I haven't started harvesting the barley yet.
The tractor is back (Ted Suss ended up finishing reassembly and I drove it home). There's a new electrical problem but it is not overheating anymore. I do deeply appreciate the work that Bill and his class did.
The grapes are looking good. Despite my talk about an organizational paradigm, I was inconsistent in my pruning techniques. Well, its an experiment. Also, I am making my first attempt at wine making. I bought an E. C. Krause kit with california pinot noir juice. I was struck by how altered the product is. I followed the recipe exactly and it called for not only grape juice and yeast, but also acid "blend" (citric and what?), grape tannin, yeast nutrient (di-ammonium phosphate), and a significant quantity of white (!) sugar. I love the fermentation vessel with the screw-on lid, air-lock and discharge valve. I started this last night so I have nothing else to report yet.
However, perhaps some history is relevant: Ruth and I took 41 students and others on an art field trip to Italy and Greece a few years ago. This was a economy (cheap) trip so we stayed in economy (cheap) places, ate economy (cheap) food, and were served local, economy (cheap) wine. Everywhere we went the local wine was very good - the base standard was high. I read this as a sign of civilization and I look forward to the time when we can meet that (casual) standard in this country. That is why I planted grapes. Part of the reason, anyway.
The corn looks lousy, planted too densely and the soil down in the riverbottom is just too sandy to grow grain without irrigation. I lent a quarter acre right next to the corn patch to the Yangs from town and their garden is beautiful. But they take very good care of it and irrigate with buckets when required. I will plant some winter wheat down there this fall, but I have low expectations. I'm curious to see if a winter grain will do better than the spring types on that soil. Worst case, I'll plant uber-hardy grapes down there. The water table is actually only between 5 and 9 feet deep there and anyone with deep roots should do fine.
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The greenhouse (attached to the main earthship) is up although not completely sheathed yet. There's a bathtub out there and I took a hot bath while listening to the rain on the fiberglass roof the other day. The roof is 11' high on the high end. I've installed a wire mesh shelf at 4' and have tomato and pepper plants in large pots on it. Below that there is a planter box (bottomless) holding peppers, green onions, romano beans, cilantro, carrots, and cucumbers for late fall harvest. The cucumbers and beans are netted to grow up. I've installed a drip system to water the pots and a soaker line to water the planter. The composting toilet is online. The house 110v wiring is done, but I've compromised, for this winter at least, on a tanked 30 gal water heater. The Bosch tankless is here but it is not going to be installed in the core house and I don't have the mudroom built yet. So the "temporary" tanked heater is installed. I picked up a bunch of scrap granite countertop left-overs and I want to set the kitchen floor as mosaic. More on that soon as I can't really use the kitchen until there is a floor, can't install the sink yet, etc. And I'm tired of the stove in the living room. The 12v wiring is going to be more of an evolutionary project. I'm trying to anticipate where I will need what, but it is a new way of doing things and I'm finding that I make a lot of changes. I do have a battery well, and I know the best place to put PV panels, but there are a lot of options for placement of outlets (I've decided to use M type) and what will be needed where. Some things like basic lights are easy, but we are used to a great deal of flexibility in 110 configurations and I suspect I'll want as much in 12v.
Bruce has been by and mowed much of the hay. Jim round-baled what he could reach (but doesn't take his baler back behind the ditch) and Bruce hasn't been in with his smaller square baler yet. That is a really good feeling, like having the cow's pantry filled. Hand cutting is possible, but it is a huge chore. I don't have (or know) horse drawn technology, but I suspect that a horse drawn mower and rake is the most sensible in a non-petrochemical environment.

Mother Nature's Savings Account

2009-01-30T07:48:00.001-08:00

Fossil fuels can be looked at as Mother Nature's savings account. For a period of time, sunlight that fell on earth was incompletely "spent" leaving some stored in the form of hydrocarbons. We learned how to burn these compounds for heat (just like we did with wood, peat and dung) and eventually we learned how to convert their stored energy into mechanical force. Recently we've learned how to convert them into plastics and chemical fertilizers.

Basically, we found the passbook to this savings account and in our naivete we went on a spending spree. We've been spending coal on a massive scale for 200 years, oil on an even worse scale for a century. In the 1970s folks started thinking about oil as a finite resource, one we could conceivably run out of. We failed to actually do much though, and we failed to realize that the waste products of this spending spree could drown us (sort of like the way yeast drowns in its own waste [Etoh] at a concentration of around 14% - great for us, not so much for the yeast).

We've been able to wrest food from the soil on a truly miraculous scale, by using oil to push tractors, and by using fertilizers made from natural gas. We've been able to build up the world population from 1.5 billion to 6 billion souls. But this has been made possible only by raiding this savings account.

Living off your savings is not sustainable. Spending more than you make is not sustainable (yes, I realize that in a society, some folks can get away with just that, but they are, by definition, parasites, and a society can afford only so many parasites). We can only live off Mother Nature's savings for so long.

I guess that this perspective makes me an economic conservative. I believe in balance because I do not see any long range alternative. None. Ever. Inputs and outputs must eventually balance. All of our inputs here come directly or indirectly from the sun (although an argument can be made for nuclear [pronounced new-klee-are] fuels being the "savings account" of a former star and therefore not to be included in this balance sheet). Solar energy is direct, using sunlight to grow oilseed and processing the oilseed into biodiesel is indirect, but the parent energy is still solar.

We don't have deficit spending as an option. Money is a fiction that exists as "valuable" only because we all agree that it does. Energy is real: it either exists or it doesn't, it has finite quantity. There is no fuel to "borrow" against an expected better future.

What we do have is a miracle of history, and an opportunity that is very, very short. If we solve our energy supply problems in a totally sustainable way while we still have a mechanical infrastructure we can continue, probably not in the style to which we have become accustomed, but at least continue in a civilized and reasonably comfortable manner. If we blow it and let individual greed (the problem of the commons) rule our decision making, and this opportunity slips away, we are doomed. (Whoa, Dude, Doomed?)

The middle ages, referred to as "the Dark ages" for a reason, follwed the Roman Empire, yet its citizens knew very little of advanced Roman technologies. They lost the ability to accomplish a number of things once common. I only mention this to prove that it can and does happen. We need advanced materails technology to pull off a conversion to sustainable solar harvesting.

We need top take advantage of the understandings that we have earned. We need the materials technology that we've recently developed. I, as an individual, can go back to burning wood to stay warm and raisning my food and fuel on my small acreage. 6 billion of us can't all do that.

Winter in the Earthship (not quite)

2009-01-30T06:41:00.000-08:00

We didn't make it into the building this fall. Between Ruth's cancer and Liam's death we fell short, both emotionally and practically, on a number of key projects. We both took new jobs and that has been a (mostly positive, but still "mixed") blessing. Up here, even a 7 hour a day job sets you on the road in the dark and gets you home in the dark in December. This winter has been exceptionally cold too, at least compared to the last six or seven, with December temperatures often falling below zero (f) and staying for days. We expect some of this in January but this year we got two months of bitter cold instead of one.
The up side is that we got to test the thermal mass of the building without any added input*. Despite several days and many nights well below zero (f) the temperature in the building has never dipped below 24 (f). I sat down there one day, -28 (f) outside, 27 inside, realizing that I had almost 50 degrees difference. Then I noticed that the sliding glass door (which will open into the greenhouse when the greenhouse is built) hasn't been finished or even sealed.

The old (1904) house has a fuel oil (diesel for those in warm climates) furnace that is only about 15 years old. While I deeply hate buring fossil fuel for heat that is what we've got and I don't see a practical conversion at this time. Between the price of the oil and the periodic and untraceable breakdowns with this furnace I am even more adamant about not spending another winter in this house.
The house was built for a coal furnace (the "coal room" is still intact in the basement - I use it as a sandblast booth). The original occupants expected to wear thermal underware all winter, to bundle in sox, sweaters, and several layers of clothing, and to add mittens, boots and coats to go outside. They used copious numbers of quilts at night. Someone had to get up a couple hours before everyone else and make a fire, heat water (thaw, if frozen), etc.
Our expectations are quite different now. Unrealistic, I think, or at least unsustainable. We will, I suspect, slowly switch over to electric heat, but much of this will be generated by burning coal. The coal industry advertises that we have 250 years worth of coal now, but if that is 250 years at current usage, and our usage will quintuple as we switch away from oil to coal, we are looking at 100 years or less, all the while adding a staggering amount of CO2 to the atmosphere.

Our jersey gets a little pissy when the barn is -15 (f) and milking become a trial for both of us. In seeing that the temperature in the sheltered building stays so close to freezing without anybody breathing in there it occurs to us that an earth-sheltered barn would be a pretty good idea. I'm also spending a lot of electricity keeping water liquid for the livestock, and, if respiration would be enough to keep the interior at 33 (f) or above I wouldn't need a water heater at all.

While plans are still being finalized, we will start digging for an earthsheltered barn this spring. The second floor, a hay loft basically, may well be a greenhouse, we'll see.

This last summer my boss put in a commercial heat pump system of a style that is becoming popular out here. A 10' deep by 5' wide trench is dug through the yard and PEX pipe is coiled at the bottom of the trench with the ends run through the basement wall. His application uses several seperate runs of PEX. A water/glycol mix is pumped through the tubing picking up heat in the winter and leaving heat in the summer. A heat compressor/evaporator unit in the house strips calories and heats air that is blown through the existing duct system. He got a true test this last month and figure that in the subzero weather he has been spending about $8 per day to heat his large, old farmhouse.

*Caveat: Almost no added input... Marna brought us a little cast iron box stove that we installed at Thanksgiving and I have set a fire in it maybe six times since. We'll sit by the fire and talk about the house for a couple of hours and let it go out. The stove serves as radiant heat but does not heat the air very much, at least it hasn't in the short times we've run it. I assume that the calories are being stored in the nearby concrete. I have been playing with a 12v computer fan for forced outside air but have not drilled the box yet for a permanent connection to the stove. I'm looking for a cast iron toilet flange as the 4" drain pipe will fit the 4" flexible venting tube perfectly and can be bolted to the side of the box stove. The fan, a little underpowered, runs off a car battery that is charged by a 15wt solar panel. The panel sits on the roof and is covered with snow occasionally, but nothing is running off it right now besides the fan.

FYI:
http://www.blackhawk-studios.org/earthship/
This link is much more eaisily updated and is likely to have more current information. Google has, well, issues with security. I feel for them, I really do, but it makes uploading to this site much more difficult than uploading to my own.

Blackhawk Introduction

2008-11-24T09:07:00.000-08:00

The Earthship at Blackhawk is more than just a building, it is also a way of life.

The Earthship sits in the middle of 20 acres of "wasteland" in fertile farm country. It is considered "waste" because it is rolling, partially wooded, and has a creek and drainage ditch cutting across it. From a factory-farm perspective it is garbage.

On site we keep a Jersey cow, a pig or two, chickens, and turkeys. We have a large garden and grow all of our own grain, and most, but not all, of our feed grain following post-organic principles.

On the property is a large 1904 farmhouse that we use in the summer and for groups and gatherings. This farm house, however, was built during a time of heavy long-johns, and abundant, cheap coal and is terribly inefficient for winters in this climate.

We want to live sustainably, using as few resources as possible (renewable and certainly non-renewable), while maintaining what we feel is an adequate and comfortable quality of life. Understanding that we all draw a line, but there is always the matter of where it is drawn, we are trying to practice what we preach.

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The earthship utilizes a number of energy technologies including passive solar siting (we get direct sunshine through the windows and onto the floor from sunrise until about 5 pm in November), a thermal umbrella for 6 months passive heat storage, insulated low-e windows, attached greenhouses, exstensive plantings for winter wind protecton and snow drop, super-insulated walls and roof, solar water heating, rainwater collection and storage, and dual voltage electrical wiring with photo-voltaic generation.

Siting:
The house is set into a southeast facing hillside of glacial clay. (We're making tiles from some of the clay dug from the house site and some of these tiles will go back into the house.) This takes full advantage of what winter sun is available at our Minnesota latitude. We do lose a little evening sun but this is offset by the protection from the west and northwest winter winds.

Thermal Umbrella:
Utilizes the average temperature found 25 feet below the surface (much like a heat pump but with no moving parts), by insulating the (dry) soil that abuts the house walls from the seasonal temperature fluctuations. An added advantage is the storage of waste heat generated by lighting, appliances and, well, us.

Water Systems:
We have the typical farm water well, but have a 12v pump, photovoltaic panel, and deep-cycle battery to pump water. The roof, greenhouses, and thermal umbrella are designed as catchments for rainwater, and we have a couple of cisterns for storage. Salvaged parabolic mirrors serve to heat copper pipe for hot water (stored in a pair of insulated, recycled comercial water heaters) with a tankless on-demand water heater as backup.

Greenhouses:
We are using greenhouses for both plant propagation and thermal gain. There will ultimately be three greenhouses, one just southwest of the core unit that is used for thermal gain and a seriously extended growing season, one above the thermal umbrella that will be used for thermal gain in winter and and seedling propagation in the early spring, and a third that will sit above the first and be primarily for solar gain for the first greenhouse, turning it into a year-round hot-house for full year crops and tropicals (citrus in Minnesota?) We hope to use a passive methane generation system (livestock manure: carbon neutral) to heat (supplemental) the lower greenhouse.

Weather Plantings:
There is an established grove of trees and shrubs that creates a near-perfect wind break and snowdrop well to the north and west of the building. Obviously, forestry is an important part of "maintenance" for the site and house. (We also utilize the old European "twig" heating technology, collecting dry sticks from the forest floor, for a substantial part of our Tuli Kivi style heat source. Sticks are carbon neutral.)

Super-insulationOver the concrete roof panels we put 6" of foil-wrapped styrofoam insulation and cast an additional 3 ½ inches of concrete over that. This serves as sealant and rainwater catchment.

Dual Voltage:
While some of our appliances run on 110v AC bought from the grid, many run on the 12v DC system we have built and installed. Powered by photovoltaic panels, the electricity is stored in a series of deep-cycle batteries and is used for lighting, forced air circulation (for example, warm air from the greenhouse on sunny winter days, and outside combustion air for the wood stove), our CD player and amplifier/speakers, laptops, etc. Our state does not yet force utilities to buy excess consumer generated electricity and, of course, they choose not to do so (if you live in Minnesota write your state legislator) so it is not yet cost effective to build in excess generating capability. We hope to put up a wind generator eventually.

Composting toilet:
The state requires a complete septic system for greywater, so we have one, but we built a fiberglass Clivis knock-off for human waste which is composted and then plowed into the field land. The system uses a 12v computer fan and small PV panel for ventilation.

Food Production:
We grow a variety of small grains, both for nutritonal variety, but also as a traditional hedge against climate problems ("bad years"). On a "good" year wheat does well here, but in a "dry" year the barley and rye out-perform the wheat and oats. Our livestock gets all of our excess regardless of the flavor. We planted 375 Marquette wine grape vines this year and will begin making our own wine as soon as the vinyard is in serious production. We have just under ¼ acre in vegetable production, selling our excess at the local farmer's market (not particularly profitable but it helps support the community). We grow black walnuts and raspberries in quantity, and are nurturing a young orchard of apples, cherries, plums, pears, and even a greenhouse sheltered peach and a sweet cherry tree. We have a jersey cow and make cheese, and we try to raise a pig or two on the garden surplus each summer. Our chickens and turkeys are truly free range with unfettered access to, well, the whole world if they want it.

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Other Notes:
We use salvaged and recycled materials when we can (and pray for more responsible product design in the future). We run our pickup truck on E85 (closer than gas to carbon neutral, not as good as bio-diesel).

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Think about this: Coal and Oil were nature's way of sequestering carbon at a time when there was too much in the atmosphere. Oops! When we get a handle on this, what's left will probably be something like limestone, or chalk. Would't it be elegant to pave your factory floor with marble made from your own carbon emissions? Beats turning grandma into a diamond.